O impacto das diversas formas de tabagismo nos acadêmicos da área da saúde / The impact of different forms of smoking on health academics

A Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) define a Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) como um distúrbio progressivo e irreversível. Nessa patologia ocorre um processo inflamatório crônico frente a exposição a gases tóxicos, principalmente advindos do tabaco. O cigarro é responsável por matar mais de 8 milhões de consumidores por ano, isso corresponde a 50% dos usuários. Objetivo: estimar a prevalência do tabagismo e possíveis doenças no sistema respiratório entre acadêmicos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional do tipo transversal em que se aplicou questionários aos alunos da área da saúde da Universidade Cesumar. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e eram maiores de 18 anos. A amostra foi composta por 336 estudantes, desta foram excluídas 43 respostas preenchidas de forma incorreta, restando 293 participantes. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística analítica e teste do qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência do tabagismo foi de 26,96%, não fumantes são 62,46% e 10,58% são fumantes passivos. O dispositivo mais utilizado foi o cigarro eletrônico com 64,55% e o narguilé com 63,29%. Com relação a tentativa de suspender o uso, 36,71% relataram apresentar ansiedade. Os fumantes informaram ter infecções respiratórias frequentes, secreção, tosse e espirros com significância estatística (p<0,05). Pneumonia apresentou tendência crescente conforme maior tempo de tabagismo. Conclusão: Observou-se que a taxa de acadêmicos tabagistas é considerável, o tempo de uso varia de 3 a 5 anos e a maioria iniciou na adolescência sob influência de amigos

The Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) defines Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a progressive and irreversible disorder. In this pathology, there is a chronic inflammatory process due to exposure to toxic gases, mainly from tobacco. Cigarettes are responsible for killing more than 8 million consumers a year, this corresponds to 50% of users. Objective: to estimate the prevalence of smoking and possible diseases of the respiratory system among students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational research in which questionnaires were applied to students in the health area of the University Cesumar. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form and were over 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 336 students, from which 43 incorrectly filled answers were excluded, leaving 293 participants. Data were submitted to analytical statistics and the chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 26.96%, non-smokers are 62.46% and 10.58% are passive smokers. The most used device was the electronic cigarette with 64.55% and the hookah with 63.29%. Regarding the attempt to discontinue use, 36.71% reported having anxiety. Smokers reported having frequent respiratory infections, secretion, coughing and sneezing with statistical significance (p<0.05). Pneumonia showed an increasing trend with longer smoking time. Conclusion: It was observed that the rate of academic smokers is considerable, the time of use varies from 3 to 5 years and most started in teenage years under the influence of friends

Influence of sleep quality on medical students' academic performance / Influência da qualidade do sono no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de medicina

Objective: To identify the main factors affecting medical stu- dents' sleep quality and the probable relationship between sleep and academic performance throughout the course. Methods: A cross-sectional qualitative study was carried out at a private higher education institution in the city of Araguari (MG), Brazil. The sample consisted of 110 regularly enrolled medical students. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire were applied. Statistical analy- sis was performed using the one way analysis of variance test with the post-hoc Tukey test, two way analysis of variance Test, and Student's t-test. Results: Out of the 105 students analyzed, 19.04% (n=20) were classified as "good" sleepers and 80.95% (n=85) as "poor" sleepers. No statistically significant difference was observed between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire scores and the students' grades averages or the students' academic terms. Conclusion: The majority of the students was classified as "poor" sleepers. The use of ener- getic substances and the female sex were the two significant factors that may affect sleep quality. There was no relationship between sleep quality and academic performance.

Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores que afetam a qualidade do sono de acadêmicos de medicina e a provável relação entre o sono e o desempenho escolar ao longo do curso. Métodos: Estudo transversal de cunho qualiquantitativo realizado em uma institui- ção privada de ensino superior da cidade de Araguari (MG). A amostra foi constituída de 110 acadêmicos do curso de medi- cina regularmente matriculados. Aplicaram-se um questioná- rio sociodemográfico e o Questionário Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de análise de variância one way com post-hoc de Tukey, teste de análise de variância two way e teste t Student. Resultados: Dos 105 estudantes analisados, 19,05% (n=20) foram classificados como bons dormidores e 80,95% (n=85) como maus dormidores. Não houve diferença significativa entre o escore do Questioná- rio Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh e as médias de notas semestrais, tampouco entre o escore do questionário e os períodos letivos. Conclusão: A maioria dos acadêmicos foi clas- sificada como maus dormidores. Uso de substâncias energéticas e sexo feminino foram os fatores significativos que podem afetar a qualidade do sono. Não houve relação entre a qualidade do sono e o desempenho acadêmico.

Database of the alumni performance of the Ophthalmology Stricto sensu Postgraduate Program at Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP

Abstract Purpose To develop a database with social, demographic and professional information of all graduates of the two post-graduate programs in Ophthalmology of EPM-UNIFESP, including their opinions on quality, application, and contribution of the courses received in their professional careers. Methods The survey was conducted in the digital and physical archives of the University and by telephone contact. When the graduates' e-mails were all collected, the electronic questionnaire was applied. The responses were compiled. Descriptive analysis of the results obtained in this cross-sectional study was performed, and analyzed by the authors and by statistical professionals, through Excel graphs. Results The database suggests that most graduates were born and work in the state of São Paulo. A significant fraction of 66.77% is dedicated to academic work, but only 36.2% hold management positions. Most of them receive amounts of one to 56 minimum wages monthly. The main motivation was to improve their professional careers. Conclusion For post-graduate programs, a database with information of its graduates can elucidate whether the goals were achieved based on the proposed teaching, as well as can generate reflections to improve the quality, the courses expectations and the vision that students have of the University.

Quality of sleep and use of computers and cell-phones among university students

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Evaluate the quality of sleep and its association with the use of computers and cell-phones among medicine and dentistry students. METHODS Cross-sectional and comparative study, which evaluated 425 students through a socioeconomic questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), and a questionnaire on their use of computers and cell phones. RESULTS Poor sleep quality was observed in 61.4% of medical students and in 60.1% of dentistry students. Medical students with poor sleep quality had a higher mean time of computer use at night when compared to those with good sleep quality (p=0.04), as well as for computer (p<0.001) and cell phone use (p<0.01) immediately before bedtime. Dentistry students with poor sleep quality had a higher average time of computer use before bedtime than those with good sleep quality (p=0.03). CONCLUSION Students should receive guidance on prevention strategies and quality of sleep care.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a qualidade de sono e sua associação com uso de computadores e celulares em estudantes de medicina e odontologia. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal e comparativo, que avaliou 425 estudantes por meio de questionário socioeconômico, Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) e uso de computador e telefone celular. RESULTADOS Sono de má qualidade foi observado em 61,4% dos estudantes de medicina e em 60,1% de odontologia. Para os estudantes de medicina, os tempos médios de uso de computador durante a noite (p=0,04) e computador (p<0,001) e celular (p<0,001) imediatamente antes de dormir foram maiores para os estudantes com má qualidade de sono. Para os estudantes de odontologia, o tempo médio de uso do computador imediatamente antes de dormir foi maior para aqueles com má qualidade de sono (p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO Os estudantes devem receber orientações sobre estratégias de prevenção e cuidados com a qualidade do sono.

Burnout Syndrome in medical internship students and its prevention with Balint Group

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: We intend to estimate the Burnout Syndrome prevalence and its associated factors among medical internship students at a public university in northeastern Brasil, besides investigating the Balint Group (BG) contribution in its prevention. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in February/2018 with Medical Internship Students at the University researched. We applied a structured questionnaire developed by the authors about socio-demographic data, educational process with BG participation, and current psycho-emotional experiences, in addition to the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS), for Burnout Syndrome screening. We performed descriptive data analysis, logistic regression, and cluster analysis. RESULTS: A total of 184 students (98%) participated in the study, with a mean age of 25.9±3.9 years, of which 54.9% were men. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was 10.3% based on the three-dimensional criterion and 35.9% on two-dimensional criterion (Exhaustion and Cynicism); it was higher in those who thought about quitting the program (OR=2.14), were dissatisfied with the teaching strategies (OR=2.67) and their performance (OR=2.64) and made use of licit drugs (OR=2.37). The variables associated with Burnout Syndrome allowed individuals to be discriminated, classifying them into three subgroups. Burnout Syndrome prevalence decreased, and vulnerability factors were attenuated when there was a higher frequency of students participating in BG. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of two-dimensional Burnout Syndrome was high, with factors associated with the educational process. Participation in BG was associated with a lower Burnout rate prevalence. Longitudinal studies should be conducted.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e fatores associados entre os internos de medicina de uma universidade pública no Nordeste do Brasil, além de investigar a contribuição do Grupo Balint (GB) na sua prevenção. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em fevereiro/2018 com os internos de medicina da universidade pesquisada. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado elaborado pelos autores sobre características sociodemográficas, processo educacional com participação do GB e vivências psicoemocionais atuais, além do Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS) para triagem de SB. Realizaram-se análise descritiva, regressão logística e análise de agrupamentos. RESULTADOS: Participaram 184 estudantes (98%), com idade média de 25,9±3,9 anos, sendo 54,9% do sexo masculino. A prevalência de SB foi 10,3% pelo critério tridimensional e 35,9% pelo bidimensional (Exaustão e Descrença), sendo maior naqueles que pensaram em abandonar o curso (OR=2,14), estavam insatisfeitos com as estratégias de ensino (OR=2,67) e com seu desempenho acadêmico (OR=2,64) e faziam uso de drogas lícitas (OR=2,37). As variáveis associadas à SB permitiram discriminar os indivíduos classificando-os em três subgrupos. A prevalência de SB diminuiu e fatores de vulnerabilidade foram atenuados quando houve maior frequência de estudantes participantes do GB. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de SB pelo critério bidimensional foi alta, com fatores associados ao processo educacional. A participação no GB foi associada à menor prevalência de SB. Estudos longitudinais devem ser realizados.

Effect of changes to the formal curriculum on medical students' motivation towards learning: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: One of the factors known to influence performance in the learning process is student motivation. In turn, students' motivation can be regulated by a large number of variables relating to the individual (such as sex, age and socioeconomic status) or to aspects of the academic life. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of curriculum changes involving reduction in content overload and increased early exposure to clinical settings, on motivation towards learning among Year 1 medical students. Secondarily, the aim was to ascertain whether this influence on motivation remained stable until the undergraduate program ended (Year 6). DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study on two student cohorts at a Brazilian state-owned university. METHODS: Two consecutive student cohorts were assessed: one with a traditional curriculum (n = 87) and the other with a reformed curriculum (n = 63), at the same medical school. Participants in both cohorts gave responses on four scales in Years 1 and 6: the Academic Motivation Scale, containing subscales for autonomous and controlled motivation, and lack of motivation towards learning; Beck's Anxiety and Depression Inventories; Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and the Social Adjustment Scale. In Year 6, 68% of the initial sample (66 students with the traditional curriculum and 36 with the reformed curriculum) was reassessed. RESULTS: No differences between Year 1 cohorts were found regarding demographic and social background, social adjustment, depression or anxiety. Students with the reformed curriculum scored significantly higher regarding autonomous and controlled motivation than those with the traditional curriculum. Comparison between Year 6 and Year 1 showed increases in controlled motivation only for the traditional curriculum cohort. CONCLUSION: Curriculum changes were associated with increased motivation towards learning in Year 1, which persisted until Year 6.

Quality of life of medical students in Brazil: a comparative study / Calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en Brasil: un estudio comparativo

ABSTRACT Background: VERAS survey multicenter project, carried out in 2011-2012, evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. Aim: To evaluate QoL of undergraduate medical students, taking Veras-q national data as comparison. Material and Methods: We evaluated the QoL of 197 medical students in a Brazilian private medical school at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2014. Students in the first two years were grouped in Phase I; those in years three and four were grouped in Phase II. Those in the internship (fifth and sixth years) were grouped in Phase III. Results: Students from Phase I group had better QoL averages than those from Phase II. Phase I students presented significantly (p < 0.05) better scores in the Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to Phase II students, those in Phase III obtained better scores in the Physical and Environmental domains. Female students had significantly lower (p < 0.01) scores than male students in Physical, Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to the national sample survey, these students had higher (p < 0.01) scores in all domains, except for the Physical domain in Phase II (p < 0.4352). Conclusions: These students had a better quality of life than those surveyed in the national Veras-q study. Female students had lower scores. Adjusted schedules and lower work overload, as consequences of effective interdisciplinarity in curricular components, may have contributed to higher students' QoL.

Antecedentes: El proyecto multicéntrico VERAS evaluó la calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en los años 2011-2012. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de un grupo de estudiantes de medicina y compararla con los datos del proyecto VERAS. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó calidad de vida en 197 estudiantes de medicina de universidades privadas de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil en 2014. Los estudiantes de los dos primeros años fueron agrupados en la fase I, aquellos de tercer y cuarto año en fase II y los del internado en fase III. Resultados: Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que aquellos en fase II. Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios psicológico y uso del tiempo. Los estudiantes en fase III tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios físico y ambiental que los estudiantes en fase II. Las mujeres obtuvieron menores puntajes en los dominios físico, psicológico y uso del tiempo, que los hombres. Al comparar con el estudio nacional, estos estudiantes tuvieron mejores puntajes en todos los dominios, excepto el físico en estudiantes en fase II. Conclusiones: Estos estudiantes tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que sus pares estudiados previamente. Las mujeres tuvieron puntajes más bajos que los hombres. Una menor carga de trabajo, como consecuencia de un currículo multidisciplinario, puede haber influido en esta mejor calidad de vida.

Guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". 2016 / Students' medical duty in the first year of medicine studies. University Policlinic "Pedro Borrás Astorga". 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: la guardia médica estudiantil constituye un escenario formativo donde los estudiantes comienzan a entrar en contacto con pacientes y enfermedades desde el primer año de la carrera medicina. Objetivo: caracterizar la guardia médica estudiantil en el primer año de la carrera medicina. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el servicio de guardia perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga" durante el año 2016. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 21 tutores y 145 estudiantes del primer año de la carrera medicina asistentes a la guardia médica institucional. Resultados: los pacientes atendidos por la guardia médica fueron mayoritariamente del sexo femenino con 69,6 %, en edades entre 60 y más años con 29,6 %. Las características en estudiantes se distinguieron por: pertenecer al sexo femenino con 65,5 % y a la condición no becado en el 73,8 %; mientras en los tutores predominaron las féminas con 61,9 %, la categoría docente asistente con 80,9 % y el tiempo de tutoría mayor/ igual a 5 años con 76,2 %. Respecto a la evaluación de las habilidades realizadas en la guardia la mayoría de los estudiantes obtuvieron calificación de 5, fundamentalmente en registrar la información individual con 122 educandos. Dentro de los indicadores relacionados con dicha actividad resultaron superiores las indicaciones de Medicina Natural y Tradicional con 1130 y el estudio de electrocardiografía con 1013. Conclusiones: la guardia médica iniciada desde el primer año de la carrera medicina resulta fundamental en la formación integral de estudiantes, así como en la concepción de habilidades y valores profesionales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the students' medical duty is a training scenary where students began to interact with patients and diseases form the first years of the medical studies. Objective: to characterize the students' medical duty in the first years of medical studies. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out in the on-call service of the University Policlinic "Pedro Borras Astorga" during 2016. The universe of study was formed by 21 tutors and 145 students from the first year of the Medicine studies who took part in the institutional medical duty. Results: the attended patients were women in most of the cases, 69,6 %, aged 60 and more years with 29,6 %. The students' characteristics were: female sex, 65,5 %, not living in student dorms, 73,8 %. Among tutors, women predominated with 61,9 %, and the teaching category of Assistant, with 80,9 %; the tutorship time was more or equal 5 years, with 76,2 %. With respect to skills evaluation on duty, most of the students got marks of 5, mainly when registering the patients' personal information with 122 students. Among the indicators related to that activity were higher the indication of Traditional and Natural Medicine for 1 130, and electrocardiography studies for 1013. Conclusions: medical duty beginning in the first year of medical studies is very important for the comprehensive training of the students, also in the conception of professional skills and values (AU).

Are surface and deep learning approaches associated with study patterns and choices among medical students? A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Different approaches to learning can exert considerable influence on the teaching-learning process in medical education. This study aimed to investigate the association of surface and deep learning with study patterns, preferred type of assessment, practices of cheating and quality of sleep among medical students. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on medical students enrolled in all six years of a medical school in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. METHODS: Questionnaires were applied to evaluate learning approaches (R-SPQ-2F), study patterns, sources and choices, and quality of sleep. Students' learning approaches (deep or surface) were assessed in relation to their study patterns, study resources, quality of sleep and whether they cheated in tests. RESULTS: Among the 710 students included, 43% frequently studied on the night before an exam, 65% had used psychostimulants to study and more than 46% had cheated in an exam. Regarding quality of sleep, most students (53.4%) reported that their quality of sleep was poor, such that 45.3% slept for fewer than five hours before an exam. Those who studied just prior to an exam, used class summaries, preferred multiple-choice questions and cheated during the test had a more surface-learning approach. On the other hand, those who read books, preferred practical exams and slept better had a deeper approach. CONCLUSION: The type of learning approach was associated with study patterns and choices among medical students. Educators need to be attentive to the type of learning their students use and think of measures that impact teaching and assessment methods.

Parto normal ou cesárea: opinião de estudantes de medicina do sul do Brasil / Vaginal birth or cesarean: choices among medical students at universities in Southern Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar a opinião sobre via de parto entre estudantes de medicina de duas faculdades. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo transversal, com aplicação dequestionário em alunos de medicina de todos os anos em uma universidade federal e outra privada em Santa Catarina. Foram analisadas a via de parto que o res­pondente considerava com "menos riscos e mais benefícios" em gestação sem complicações, e via de parto que desejava para o nascimento de seus filhos (analisados fatores associados, como preferir cesariana).Para os alunos cursando o internato, questionou-se o momento em que "formou" ou "mudou" sua opinião. Resulta­dos: Dos 920 estudantes respondentes, a maioria considerou que parto vaginal é a via de menor risco (96% na faculdade pública,77% na privada).A preferência por cesariana para si mesmo foi de 20% de estudantes da escola pública e 55% dos alunos da escola privada (p< 0,001). Variáveis associadas com preferir cesariana para si mesmo foram "estudar em faculdade privada" (OR 4,9,IC 3,62-6,04) e "ter nascido de cesariana" (OR 2,29 IC 1,69-3,12). Durante o curso, referiram ter formado e/ou modificado sua opinião,38%dos estudantes sobre via de parto mais segura e 36% sobre via de parto preferencial. Conclusão: Estudantes de medicina reconhecem que o parto normal é mais seguro, mas 20% dos que frequentam a faculdade pública e 55% da faculdade privada preferem cesariana para o nascimento de seus filhos. Estas opiniões são modeladas durante ocurso e sofrem influência da via de nascimento do estudante e da faculdade aonde estudam.(AU)

Objective: To identify personal opinion on mode of delivery among medical students from two different universities. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectíonal study was carried out through a questionnaire applied at any year medical students from two different universities in Santa Catarina State (one public, one private). Mode of delivery that respondents considered "less risky and more beneficial" for low risk pregnant wom­en, and personal choice on mode of delivery for their own children were the key questions. Factors associ­ated with preferring cesarean section were analyzed. Students attending internship were asked about the moment they "formed" or "changed" opinion on the subject. Results: Of the 920 student respondents, the majority considered that vaginal delivery is the lowest risk route (96% in publíc college,77% in private).The caesarean preference for themselves was 20%for public school students, and 55% for private school students (p <0.001).Variables associated with preferring cesarean section for oneself were "studying in private college• (OR 4.9,CI 3.62-6.04) and "having been bornthrough cesarean"(OR 2.29 CI 1.69-3.12).Along graduation, having formed and/or modified opinion was reported by 38% of students about the safest delivery route, and 36% about preferred delivery route. Conclusion: Despite knowledge about the safety of normal childbirth, 20% of medical students attending public school and 55% of private school prefer cesarean for the birth of their children. The opinions are modeled during medical course,and influenced bythe student's own birth path and which university they attend.(AU)

Procedimientos metodológicos para la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental / Methodological procedures for the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education

Fundamento: las insuficiencias en la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental en la formación del estudiante de Medicina, limitan la formación salubrista del médico general. Objetivo: elaborar procedimientos metodológicos traducidos en acciones concretas para perfeccionar la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental. Método: se desarrolló una investigación de desarrollo esencialmente cualitativa desde noviembre 2016 a septiembre 2017 en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas de Puerto Padre, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Las Tunas. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; y empíricos: encuesta en forma de cuestionario a docentes y estudiantes. Resultados: se constataron carencias en cuanto al conocimiento de la metodología para aplicar la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental en los docentes, las cuales conspiran contra su efectiva implementación en las diferentes disciplinas, asignaturas y estancias desde primero a quinto años de la carrera de Medicina; esto limita el desarrollo de habilidades en los estudiantes para su futuro desempeño como médicos generales, por lo que se diseñaron procedimientos metodológicos. Conclusiones: fueron valorados por especialistas como pertinentes, factibles de aplicar y de utilidad para la ejecución de la mencionada estrategia curricular, por lo que constituye una herramienta adecuada en la formación salubrista del médico general.

Background: the insufficiencies in the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education in the training of the medical student, limit the training of the general practitioner. Objective: to develop methodological procedures that lead to concrete actions to improve the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education. Method: an essentially qualitative development research work was developed from November 2016 to September 2017 in the Medical Sciences site of Puerto Padre, of Las Tunas Medical Sciences University. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and the historical-logical; and empirical ones: survey in the form of a questionnaire for teachers and students. Results: deficiencies were found in the knowledge of the methodology to apply the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education in the teachers, which conspire against its effective implementation in the different disciplines, subjects and rotations from the first to fifth years of the career of Medicine; this limits the development of skills in the students for their future performance as general practitioners, that's why methodological procedures were designed. Conclusions: they were valued by specialists as relevant, feasible to apply and useful for the implementation of the aforementioned curricular strategy, for that reason constitutes an adequate tool in the general practitioner's health education.

Impacto da prática de atividade física na qualidade de vida dos acadêmicos de Medicina da Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove) / Impact of physical activity practice on quality of life of Medical Students, Nove de Julho University (Uninove)

Introdução: A prática de atividade física é recomendada para a prevenção das doenças não transmissíveis e melhora da qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os impactos do exercício físico na vida dos estudantes de Medicina. Método: Foi realizado estudo transversal com aplicação do questionário da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF) e perguntas relacionadas à atividade física em 405 alunos de medicina da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: Os alunos que praticam exercícios físicos em competições esportivas e os que o fazem regularmente por pelo menos trinta minutos igual ou mais que três vezes por semana obtiveram melhor índice de qualidade de vida demonstrado em quase todos os domínios (p<0,005). Conclusão: Na amostra analisada, acadêmicos de Medicina que praticam atividades físicas competitivas ou com alta frequência semanal têm melhor qualidade de vida quando comparados àqueles que o fazem infrequentemente e aos sedentários.

Introduction: Regular physical activity is recommended for the prevention of non-communicable diseases and to improve quality of life. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of physical activity in the quality of life of medical students. Method: We used a cross-sectional study with application of the World Health Organization questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and questions related to physical activity in 405 medical students of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results: Students who participate in sports competitions and those who do physical activities, regularly, for at least thirty minutes three times a week or more have better quality of life index demonstrated in almost all domains (p <0.005). Conclusion: In this study, medical students who are engaged in sports competitions and those who do physical activities, regularly, for at least thirty minutes three times a week have better quality of life when compared to those who do it infrequently or are sedentary.

Diplomado de salud y humanización: el valor de la reflexión y el aprendizaje presencial / Health and humanization Diploma: the value of reflection and face to face learning

Background: In a rapidly changing culture like ours, with emphasis on productivity, there is a strong need to find the meaning of health care work using learning instances that privilege reflection and face to face contact with others. The Diploma in Health and Humanization (DSH), was developed as an interdisciplinary space for training on issues related to humanization. Aim: To analyze the experience of DSH aiming to identify the elements that students considered key factors for the success of the program. Material and Methods: We conducted a focus group with DSH graduates, identifying factors associated with satisfaction. Transcripts were coded and analyzed by two independent reviewers. Results: DSH graduates valued a safe space, personal interaction, dialogue and respect as learning tools of the DSH. They also appreciates the opportunity to have emotional interactions among students and between them and the teacher as well as the opportunity to share personal stories and their own search for meaning. Discussion: DSH is a learning experience in which their graduates value the ability to think about their vocation and the affective interaction with peers and teachers. We hope to contribute to the development of face to face courses in the area of humanization. Face to face methodology is an excellent teaching technique for contents related to the meaning of work, and more specifically, to a group of learners that require affective communication and a personal connection of their work with their own values and beliefs.

Qualidade de vida de estudantes de medicina medida pelo WHOQOL-bref - UERJ, 2010 / Quality of life of medical students by WHOQOL-bref scoring - UERJ, 2010

O WHOQOL-bref foi utilizado em estudo transversal para avaliar a influência do sexo, da forma de ingresso, do ano de graduação, da classe econômica e da presença de morbidade crônica referida (MCR), na qualidade de vida (QV) de 394 estudantes de medicina da UERJ (72% dos 545 matriculados em 2010, erro 6,5%). A análise estatística foi feita no SPSS v17 e utilizados testes qui-quadrado, ANOVA/ pós Hoc de Bonferroni (p valor = 5%) e razão dos produtos cruzados ("Odds Ratio" - OR) com respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). A idade média foi de 23 anos, sendo 61% mulheres, 43% cotistas (dos quais 64% mulheres) e 20% referiu morbidade crônica. De 0-100, a média da QV referida foi 66 e da satisfação com saúde 62. Os menores escores de QV foram observados nos estudantes do sexo feminino, com morbidade crônica referida (MCR), que ingressaram por reserva de vagas, da classe C e do terceiro e sexto ano. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de estudos qualitativos para aprofundar as informações sobre a QV dos estudantes da UERJ.

WHOQOL-bref scoring was used in this cross-sectional study to assess the influence of sex, form of admission, year of graduation, economic class and the presence of referred chronic morbidity (RCM) on the quality of life (QOL) of 394 medical students from UERJ (72% of 545 enrolled in 2010, margin of error 6.5%). The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v17 using chi-squared tests, Bonferroni post-hoc ANOVA (pvalue=5%) and odds ratio (OR) with corresponding confidence intervals (CI 95%). Mean age was 23 years, with 61% women, 43% admitted under positive discrimination ethnic quotas (64% women) and 20% referred chronic disease. From 0 to 100, the average referred QOL was 66 and satisfaction with health was 62. The lowest QOL scores were observed among 3rd and 6th year students who were women, with RCM, who had been admitted via reserved university places and belonged to economic class C. The results indicate the need for qualitative studies to improve our understanding of the QOL of UERJ students.

Construindo vínculos, apreendendo saúde: estudo de revisão / Building bonds learning health care: a review

Como a formação de profissionais competentes depende diretamente da maneira como é estruturado o ensino-aprendizagem, a adequação curricular da graduação em Medicina ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) torna possível formar indivíduos compromissados com a realidade social em saúde. A inserção do aprendizado ativo em cenário de práticas permite a criação de vínculos entre o estudante, o docente, as equipes e os usuários, facilita a aproximação e o reconhecimento de realidades distintas, promove o contato com situações inerentes à prática profissional e cria desde o início da formação a possibilidade de uma ação responsável. Assim, de que vínculo e de que apreender estamos falando?

During the academic training of health care professionals, exposing students to active learning in practical activities, especially in Primary Health Care Services, makes it possible for them to approach and recognize different realities and thus establish links between health workers and patients. Moreover, this kind of approach promotes contact with situations inherent in medical practice and opens the possibility for responsible and competent action, right from the beginning of medical education. Through a review study, we aim to review the concepts of ?humanization of assistance? and ?object attachment? and their application in training physicians, considering teaching strategies for professional education in medicine and past experiences in this área.

Biossegurança e ensino de medicina na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, (MG) / Biosafety and teaching at Medical School at the Federal University in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: Identificar as atitudes apresentadas por acadêmicos de Medicina da UFJF/MG (2007) com relação a Riscos Ocupacionais (RO), Precauções Universais (PU) e Equipamentos de Proteção (EPI), bem como seus critérios para utilizá-los. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se a amostragem aleatória estratificada, com reposição, sendo selecionados 204 alunos do quinto ao décimo período do curso, dos quais 180 responderam. RESULTADOS: a) 66,11 por cento relatam participarem de procedimentos com RO durante a graduação e 55,2 por cento afirmaram não conhecerem as PU; b) o conhecimento acerca do uso de EPI foi adquirido por meio de aulas (53,8 por cento); na prática, por observação (37,2 por cento); ou orientação de professores (28,8 por cento); c) 79,4 por cento dos alunos se consideram expostos aos vírus HIV/HBV; d) 10 por cento declararam já terem sofrido acidente com risco biológico durante a graduação; e) 13,89 por cento não são vacinados contra o vírus da hepatite B. CONCLUSÕES: Parte considerável dos alunos de Medicina apresenta déficits de conhecimentos acerca de PU. Apesar da relevante cobertura vacinal para hepatite B, os estudantes não realizam procedimentos sorológicos rotineiramente. As atividades práticas de ensino precocemente instituídas parecem influenciar positivamente no conhecimento acerca das PU.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to identify the attitudes of medical students at UFJF/MG in 2007 concerning occupational risk (OR), universal precautions (UP), and personal protective equipment (PPE), as well as the criteria for their use. METHODS: The method was based on stratified random sampling with replacement, and 180 of 204 selected students from the 5th to 10th semesters of undergraduate medical school responded. RESULTS: More than half of the respondents reported being involved in procedures with OR during their undergraduate training, and 55.2 percent stated that they were unfamiliar with UP. Students had acquired knowledge about PPE through classes (53.8 percent), by practice and observation (37.2 percent), and through orientation from professors (28.8 percent). 79.4 percent of students considered themselves exposed to HIV/HBV. 10 percent reported having already suffered an accident involving biological risk during their undergraduate training. 13.8 percent were not vaccinated against hepatitis B. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of these medical students showed gaps in knowledge on UP. Despite relatively high HBV immunization coverage, the students did not submit to routine serological testing. Early practical training activities appeared to have a positive impact on acquisition of knowledge concerning UP.

Perfil do estudante de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007 / Profile of medical students at the Federal University in Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar o perfil socioeconômico do estudante de Medicina da UFES e conhecer suas opiniões e expectativas sobre a formação médica. Estudo transversal realizado em 2007 com 229 alunos do curso de Medicina. O questionário utilizado foi autoaplicável e anônimo. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, informações sobre o curso e o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. O estudo mostrou predomínio de mulheres (50,2 por cento), brancos (68,6 por cento), solteiros (98,7 por cento), com renda familiar acima de R$ 3.000,00 (77,7 por cento), vindos de escolas particulares (80,3 por cento) e cujos pais possuem nível superior completo (65 por cento). Os estudantes escolheram a profissão por adequação à aptidão pessoal e vocacional (66,4 por cento) e acreditam na realização profissional e financeira (75,5 por cento). Relatam sobrecarga de atividades (79 por cento) e poucas horas para o lazer. Descrevem a relação professor-aluno centrada ou com predomínio no professor (68,2 por cento) e 88,6 por cento deles exercem pelo menos uma atividade extracurricular. Os resultados confirmam o elevado nível socioeconômico e cultural dos estudantes de Medicina da UFES, os efeitos prejudiciais da carga curricular sobre as atividades de lazer destes estudantes e a influência do modelo flexneriano no curso médico.

The goal of this study was to describe the socioeconomic profile of medical students at the Federal University in Espírito Santo (UFES) and learn their opinions and expectations towards medical education. A cross-sectional study in 2007 included 229 medical students. A self-applied, anonymous questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic data and information on the medical course and the teaching-learning process. The sample's characteristics were: female gender (50.2 percent), white (68.6 percent), single (98.7 percent), monthly family income greater than BR$3,000.00, or approximately U$1,750.00 (77.7 percent), graduated from private secondary schools (80.3 percent), and parents with university education (65.0 percent). The students had chosen medicine for personal and vocational reasons (66.4 percent) and expected professional and financial advancement (75.5 percent). They reported an overload of educational/training activities (79.0 percent) and limited leisure time. They described the teacher-student relationship as teacher-centered or teacher-predominated (68.2 percent), and 88.6 percent had at least one extracurricular activity. The findings confirmed the high-level economic and cultural profile of medical students at UFES, the harmful effect of the curriculum overload on leisure-time activities, and the influence of the Flexner Report on medical education.

Common mental disorders among medical students at Universidade Federal de Sergipe: a cross-sectional study / Transtornos mentais comuns entre estudantes de medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe: estudo transversal

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of common mental disorder and its associated factors among medical students of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out, applying Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 to 473 students from the 512 medical students enrolled in 2006 and compared with compared with a structured questionnaire by the authors containing information on the socio-demographic characteristics, the teaching-learning process and the psycho-emotional experiences of the students. Freshmen were excluded after initial comparison with the students already exposed to the medical course. Statistical analysis by multiple logistic regression after calculating simple and adjusted odds ratio (OR). RESULTS:The general prevalence of common mental disorder was 40 percent (n = 473); after exclusion of the freshmen it increased to 42.5 percent among students from the 2nd to the 12th semester. It was higher among those who did not have faith in their acquisition of the skills needed to become a good doctor (OR = 2.82), who felt less comfortable about course activities (OR = 3.75), who considered themselves emotionally stressed (OR = 2.14), among those who did not consider themselves happy (OR = 2.85), who believed that the course did not match their expectations (OR = 1.64) and those who had a prior diagnosis of mental disorder by a psychiatrist (OR = 3.78). CONCLUSION: The results suggest the necessity of changes to the teaching-learning process and the establishment of a preventive mental health program for medical students.

OBJETIVO:Estimar a prevalência de transtorno mental comum e fatores associados entre estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 473 dos 512 matriculados em 2006, aplicando o Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 e um questionário estruturado sobre características sociodemográficas, processo ensino-aprendizagem e vivências psicoemocionais. Os calouros foram excluídos após comparação inicial com os alunos do 2> ao 12> períodos. Análise estatística por regressão logística múltipla, após estatística descritiva e cálculo das ORs simples e ajustadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de transtorno mental comum geral foi de 40 por cento (n = 473), mas com a retirada dos calouros, aumentou para 42,5 por cento (n = 433) entre os alunos do 2> ao 12> semestre, sendo maior entre aqueles que não acreditavam ter adquirido habilidades para se tornarem bons médicos (OR = 2,82), que se sentiam pouco confortáveis com as atividades do curso (OR = 3,75), que se consideravam emocionalmente tensos (OR = 2,14), nos que não se consideravam felizes (OR = 2,85), nos que achavam que o curso era menos do que esperavam (OR = 1,64) e nos que tiveram diagnóstico prévio de transtorno mental feito por psiquiatra (OR = 3,78). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de mudanças no processo ensino-aprendizagem, bem como estruturação de programas para cuidar da saúde mental dos estudantes.

Medical learning in a private hospital: patients' and companions' perspectives / Ensino médico em um hospital privado: perspectiva dos pacientes e acompanhantes

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Contact with patients has important implications for medical students' education. Previous studies have shown that patients in teaching hospitals have positive views about medical education. The aim here was to assess the acceptability of medical education among patients and their companions in a non-teaching private hospital that is planning to implement a medical teaching program in the near future. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in a 200-bed tertiary-care private hospital in Brasília. METHODS: Between March and April 2005, patients and their companions in three different sections of the hospital (intensive care unit, ward and emergency waiting room) were surveyed using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 209 volunteers. The majority of the volunteers (178; 85 percent) said that they would allow a student to be present during consultations. Of these, 102 (57 percent) said that they would like to have a student present. Acceptance of the presence of students was higher among males (males 93 percent; females 81 percent; P = 0.026). Intensive care unit respondents said that they would like medical students to be present more frequently than the other two groups said this (ward 48 percent; emergency room 49 percent; intensive care unit 74 percent; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Not only were medical students well accepted but also their presence during consultations was desired by many patients and their companions. These findings may be of great value for plans to implement medical teaching programs in private hospitals.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O contato com pacientes tem implicações importantes na educação de estudantes de medicina. Estudos prévios revelam que pacientes em hospitais escola têm opiniões positivas sobre ensino médico. O objetivo foi avaliar a aceitação de ensino médico em um hospital privado não-universitário que planeja implementar um programa de ensino médico em futuro próximo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal conduzido em hospital privado de 200 leitos, em Brasília. MÉTODOS: Em Brasília entre março e abril de 2005, foram aplicados questionários a pacientes e acompanhantes em três diferentes seções do hospital: unidade de terapia intensiva, enfermaria e sala de espera do pronto-socorro. RESULTADOS: O questionário foi respondido por 209 voluntários. A maioria, 178 (85 por cento), permitiria a presença do estudante de medicina durante a consulta e dentre estes, 102 (57 por cento) gostariam da presença do estudante. A aceitação à presença de estudantes foi maior em voluntários do sexo masculino (homens 93 por cento; mulheres 81 por cento; P = 0,026). Os voluntários da unidade de terapia intensiva foram os que mais gostariam da presença do estudante quando comparados aos outros dois grupos (enfermaria 48 por cento; pronto-socorro 49 por cento; unidade de terapia intensiva 74 por cento; P = 0,011). CONCLUSÕES: Estudantes de medicina são não apenas bem aceitos, mas também desejados por muitos pacientes e acompanhantes durante consultas médicas. Esses achados podem ter grande valor para o plano de implementação de um programa de ensino médico em um hospital privado.

Acompañamiento del enfermo: Una experiencia de aprendizaje sobre el significado de la enfermedad / Accompanying a patient as an experience to learn the meaning of disease

Background: Due to technical advances and progressive specialization, patient physician relationship evolved from being based on confidence and comprehension to be impersonal and contractual. Aim: To evaluate the change produced in medical students' concept of the meaning of disease, after living an experience of accompanying a patient and their family environment. Material and methods: We used a qualitative research methodology based on participative-action to evaluate an educational method in which a group of third year medical students accompanied a previously selected chronic patient during two months. We performed two focal groups, one previous to the experience and the second one a month later. Additionally, every student wrote a personal narration of the experience. We compared the students' perception of the meaning of disease for the patients and their relatives, before and after the experience. Results: The students confirmed their previous conception about chronic disease, but they also discovered the ways in which some patients and their families overcome their ¡imitations. They pointed out their belief that the physician's comprehension of the meaning of disease for the patient and the family, a need to practice a good medicine and that this knowledge change the physician-patient relationship. Conclusions: This experience was an effective way of ¡earning the meaning of disease, which might be a part of medical student' training, with the corresponding adjustments and changes.